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STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ANXIETY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE OF STUDENTS: AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM // Pedagogical Review. 2015. Issue 3 (9). P. 33-39

The article considers the problem of social anxiety of university students in the aspect of its connection with psychological defense mechanisms, which help to maintain homeostasis. The independent empirical research data, covering a comprehensive program of social and psychological assistance for students who are socially maladjusted, is presented. The findings suggest that in critical situations student’s brain creates not only less mature defense reactions, such as repression and regression, but also more mature mechanisms, as projection and compensation, using both levels of “perceptual defense” with the removing of information from the consciousness, and the level of information restructuring. The mechanism of protection depends on many factors, primarily on the individual structure, as well as the level of education, social status, age and gender, this field requires further study. In some situations high stress, crisis factors, mental disorder, pharmacological deviation can determine the specificity of the use of psychological defense mechanisms.

Keywords: social anxiety, social phobia, psychological defense, students

PERSONALITY AND INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT IN THE CONCEPTS OF FREUDISM AND CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYSIS // Pedagogical Review. 2016. Issue 1 (11). P. 9-20

The article describes Z. Freud’s concept, who proposed the structural theory of personality. According to the concepts of Freudism and classical psychoanalysis, a personality is a collisional unity of three intersubjective fields: «it-ego», «ego», «super-ego». The content and relationships of them explain the unique character of personality. Z. Freud’s perception of dual (social-biological) and in consequence argumentative psyche subjectivity characterizes psychological mechanisms of intrapersonal conflicts and shows their dynamical characteristics. This article was prepared on the basis of the analysis of a large number of works of Z. Freud’s (as written in the original language, and translated into Russian). The article is of interest to professionals with an interest in classical psychoanalysis.

Keywords: psychology, methodology, system, structure, personality, intrapersonal conflict, Freudism, classical psychoanalysis

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AS A MARKER OF EFFECTIVE SOCIALIZATION OF ADOLESCENTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION // Pedagogical Review. 2016. Issue 1 (11). P. 26-30

The present study examines the characteristics of interpersonal communication of adolescents with mental retardation. The study found that it is difficult for adolescents with mental retardation to establish contact. In the pupils’ group they occupy lower status positions – “unpopular” and “outcast”. Teens with normal mental development do not accept their peers with mental retardation in their social circle. Most adolescents with mental retardation, as well as young people with normal mental development, have a normal level of aggressiveness. The level of hostility of adolescents with mental retardation is higher compared with their peers who have normal mental development. Adolescents with normal development, and mental retardation, have problems associated with the attitude to their father, the future and unrealized possibilities. The share of adolescents with these problems is 5–10 %. Among adolescents with mental retardation this figure is slightly higher. The results of the study suggest that adolescents with mental retardation have the peculiarities of interpersonal communication, which make their stay in pupils group difficult. Psychologists and teachers need to know the specifics of interpersonal communication of adolescent with mental retardation to provide the most comfortable and safe educational environment.

Keywords: interpersonal communication, socialization, adolescents, delayed mental development

UNDERSTANDING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER FROM AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE // Pedagogical Review. 2016. Issue 3 (13). P. 16-22

The paper generalized the experience of the study of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with the positions of the different approaches. Currently, autism is treated as a complex disorder of psychological development, characterized by severe and comprehensive deficit of social interaction and communication, restricted interests and repetitive actions. Unfortunately, to date etiological concept of autism spectrum disorders can not be considered complete. One of the leading risk factors for autism take ideas about family history, although genetic predisposition picture autistic extremely diverse and not fully defined. Taking into account the degree of prevalence and heterogeneity of ASD disorders around the world, at the present stage of the study of this pathological condition becomes important the interdisciplinary approach, that will ensure more effective medical, psychological and pedagogical support of the child. It is important to understand that today the problem of the ASD is not just a problem of psychiatrists, and other professionals, such as biologists, psychologists, educators and rehabilitators and even philosophers.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, mental development, dizontogeneza, nterdisciplinary approach

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH AS METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF PERSONALITY-ORIENTED PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH // Pedagogical Review. 2017. Issue 2 (16). P. 9-20

The article describes various aspects of the systematic structural approach as a methodological basis for personality-oriented psychological research. Presents general background of the theory of systems, describes B. F. Lomov’s systematic approach, M. S. Rogovin’s systematic and structural approach and G. W. Zalewskiy’s systematic personality-oriented approach. The use of the systematic methods allows us to solve the tasks of systematics, planning and organization of a comprehensive research. The systematic approach is applicable only to objects that are characterized by a high degree of functional detachmennt. The aim of the systematic approach is to build theoretical basis, to organize and conduct empirical research, to obtain conclusions containing new knowledge. In psychology, the systematic approach is applied to the study of individual objects and its elements, set of objects, complex, polysemic phenomena, such as: superior mental functions, structure of the personality, the phenomena of intra- and interpersonal conflicts, mutual interference of systems “personality” – “society”, interaction between systems “organism” – “psyche” – “environment”, family relationships, reproductive behavior and maternal function, evaluation of somatic and mental health. Principle of consistency allows us to analyze each structural element of the psyche in relation to its holistic functioning. Based on the comparison and data analysis the following conclusions were made. The organization of the scientific research and psychological practice based on the principles of the systematic approach allows us to explore some aspects of mentality to the fullest extent possible, to compare data of empirical researches, to integrate them into one single gnoseological system, to understand the phenomenology of mental processes, to view interaction of mentality and of the world around us. Unlike individual approach systematic personality-oriented approach to the research and psychological correction involves compulsory reliance on personality structure: (nucleus, surface structure (shell), biological basis), taking into account personality orientation, the indication of the prospects of its further development.

Keywords: science methodology, psychology, approach, system, structure, level, element, personality, research

PERSONAL FEATURES OF MOTHERS AND PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS IN FAMILIES BRINING UP THE CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PARALYSIS // Pedagogical Review. 2017. Issue 2 (16). P. 48-53

The article considers the problem of parent-child relationships in families with disabled children suffering from cerebral palsy. It is known that the family, having a high rehabilitative potential, can contribute to the effective socio-cultural integration of this category of children. Particular emphasis is placed on personal features of mothers with sick children. The relation of individual personality traits with the specifics of family relationships is determined. It is revealed that the more extroversion of his mother is expressed, the less attention, effort, time it pays the education of the child, which is indicative of a predisposition to the formation of deviant forms of maternal behavior. A less extraverted mother expresses undeveloped parental feelings, rarely manifests educational confrontation. Maternal extraversion leads to excessive demands in the field of education and causes concern in the relationship with the child. The study showed that maternal personality traits determine the specificity of the parentchild relationship that must be considered in psycho-pedagogical support of the families raising disabled children with cerebral palsy. Only with this approach it is possible at an early stage to correct the state of the mother, and build constructive parent-child relationships for the harmonious development of the child’s problem. These results complement the ones already available in literature, moreover, they can be used by specialists for the activities aimed at the provision of psychological, social, pedagogical support for mothers with disabled children with cerebral palsy.

Keywords: personality, family, parent-child relationships, mother, disabled child, cerebral palsy (CP)

INTERACTION OF SYSTEMS “PERSONALITY” – “SOCIUM” // Pedagogical Review. 2017. Issue 3 (17). P. 117-126

This article focuses on psychosocial mechanisms of relations between person and society, formulated on the basis of the systemic structural-level concept of the psyche by B. F. Lomov, M. S. Rogovin and G. V. Zalevsky. The study of personality in the context of the systemic structural-level concept of the psyche can not be called comprehensive without the characteristic of the interaction of the “personality” and “society” systems. The article gives definitions of the term “society” given by foreign and local researchers. Based on the comparison and analysis of the definitions of the concept of «society» in science, the author’s view of the problem is proposed. In the context of the systemic structural-level conception of the psyche, society is a system that has developed in the course of historical development and is characterized by an internal hierarchy (intra-individual, interindividual, metaindividual levels) reflecting the main spheres of social life (kinship, spiritual, economic, social, political, managerial spheres). The functioning of the personality in the social environment, the structure of the society, the specific features of society, the influence of society on the formation and development of the personality, the integration of individuals into society are characterized. As a result of the analysis of literary sources, the author’s graphic images (diagrams) illustrating the structure of the society in the context of systemic studies and the integration of individuals into the society are elaborated. The materials of the article supplement the existing theoretical ideas about the personality and its integration into the micro- and macro-community systems.

Keywords: psychology, sociology, personality, society, methodology, system, structure, element, level

A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE DEFINITION OF NORMS AND DEVIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MOTHERHOOD // Pedagogical Review. 2018. Issue 3 (21). P. 206-216

This article reveals the content of the term «deviant motherhood» and indicates different degrees of severity of a mother’s behavioral disorder. There are four basic modes of the functioning of the system «mother – child», that reflect main ways of practical realization of motherhood: normative and conditionally normative motherhood, disturbances in mother-child relationship, deviant motherhood (antisocial form), deviant motherhood (protosociological form). The author’s system of diagnostic criteria and assessment of mother-child relationships are given. The article also provides author’s graphic images that illustrate the variability of the motherhood and basic variants of its practical implementation. The article complements existing gnoseological ideas about the problem of determination of norms and deviations in psychological studies of motherhood. Based on the conducted research the following conclusions were made: Modifications of motherhood are qualitatively different: normative motherhood, conditional-normative motherhood, impaired parentchild relationships, and deviant motherhood. The violation of mother-child relationship and deviant motherhood are presented by antisocial and protosociological forms. Weakly expressed digression in the behavioral responses of a woman is presented by a variety of violations of mother-child relationship. Obvious deviations from the optimum operation of the system «mother – child» are considered as deviations. Family and mother-child relationships represent a polyaspectual phenomenon, that is difficult for formal assessment. However, there’s a general possibility of a qualitative analysis of mother-child relationships, their correspondence to the norm or pathology. The proposed system of criteria takes into account the variety of forms of mother-child relationships, which vary widely from the norm to deviance. A system of criteria for evaluation of the implementation of maternal functions is relevant to psychological science and practice, it makes a significant contribution to the solution of priority tasks of a society and a state. The factors determining the formation of disorders of mother-child relationship, deviant forms of maternal behavior, voluntary childlessness are the contradictions in the structure of a society, identity, reproductive function and the tendency to aspiration of the indicators of psychological readiness of a woman to the realization of the social role of maternal functions in the area of the minimum values. Women with impaired mother-child relationships, and deviant forms of maternal behavior, are characterized by the presence of signs of psychological and social distress.

Keywords: methodology of science, psychology, approach, system, personality, research, maternity, mother, child, relationship, assessment, rate, aberration, deviation

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SENIOR PRESCHOOLERS WITH SPEECH DISORDER // Pedagogical Review. 2018. Issue 4 (22). P. 18-26

The article is devoted to the study of the social and psychological characteristics of children of senior preschool age with speech disorders, which can further determine the direction of remedialdevelopmental activities. On the example of preschool children with general and phoneticphonematic deficiency of speech, the specifics of relations in the family are shown, the need and the main motive in communicating with peers and parents are assessed, and behavioral problems that children demonstrate in group interaction are revealed. The study found that children with speech pathology have low need for communication with peers, group interaction is built on the basis of game motivation, and aggressiveness, egocentricity, conflicts and negativism are often shown. Children with speech disorders in comparison with children, who have normal speech development, demonstrate rejection of themselves and remoteness from both parents. They point out the low own significance in the family, attach great importance to people who are not part of the family. For children with speech disorders, the ambiguity and «blurriness» of moral representations, the uncertainty of moral emotions and feelings, the instability of relations, the «blurriness» of moral motivation are inherent. In decision-making they are often guided by selfish desires, rarely opting for the other. The indicated positions attest to the low level of adoption of moral principles in children with speech pathology.

Keywords: children, children of senior preschool age, speech disorders, interpersonal relationships, behavioral problems

HUMAN’S PSYCHE STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND PHENOMENA // Pedagogical Review. 2019. Issue 2 (24). P. 179-189

The article contains the description and the visual representation of the ideal object – the structure of the human psyche which is considered in the context of systematic studies. The disciplinary levels of study of the phenomenon of the human psyche are described in the article. The scientific concepts of special epistemological value are shown in it. The author’s graphic images (schemes) are presented in the article, they illustrate the structure of the human psyche in the context of systematic studies. The ideal structure of the psyche consists of three subsystems: consciousness, personality and cognitive sphere; the material structure of the psyche includes a biological basis. The general system functions of the psyche and the functions of its individual elements are described. The article`s materials complement the existing scientific ideas about the psyche and its structure. The comparison and the analysis of the material of that research allowed to draw conclusions: the human psyche is similar to a system consisting of an ideal structure (consciousness, personality, cognitive organization) and material (biological basis). The human brain and the psyche are connected like the net and the hypernetwork. The human psyche performs cognitive, relative, regulatory, adaptive functions. The standard process of ontogenesis is accompanied by the development and complication of the psyche. The functioning of structures of the psyche determinates the origin of the system time phenomenon.

Keywords: psychology, mental life, consciousness, personality, cognitive organization, functions, system, structure, element

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF ADOLESCENTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION, COMPLICATED BY VISUAL IMPAIRMENT // Pedagogical Review. 2020. Issue 1 (29). P. 54-63

Interpersonal relations are a prerequisite that determines the development of not only individual mental processes, but also the personality as a whole. There are a number of works that show the deformation of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with different types of dysontogenesis, including with mental retardation. This article presents the results of a study of the interpersonal relationships of adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment. The results of the study made it possible to ascertain the presence of both general and specific features of interpersonal relationships in adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment, and their peers with uncomplicated mental retardation. In the examined groups, only a third of adolescents consider the father and mother as a parental couple, while there is a high significance of the relationship with the mother and refusal to communicate with the father. For adolescents of both groups are characteristic: weak involvement in interaction with peers; the presence of a sensually deficient or sensually excessive type of interaction with a predominance of the sensually deficient type; indecision in decision making, the desire to shift responsibility to others; lack of a tendency to domination; frequent conflicts with peers and the inability to constructively resolve them. In addition, adolescents of the studied groups often show reactions to frustration of the activeaggressive or passive-suffering type, and in adolescents with uncomplicated mental retardation, the reactions of the active-aggressive type dominate, and in adolescents with mental retardation complicated by visual impairment, the reactions of passive-passive type. It is noteworthy that adolescents with mental retardation, complicated by visual impairment, are prone to isolation from their peers, show greater attachment to home and their family.

Keywords: interpersonal relationships, adolescence, mental retardation, visual impairment

TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE OF PARENTS OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN // Pedagogical Review. 2020. Issue 2 (30). P. 204-208

The article analyzes the results of an empirical study aimed at studying the time perspective of parents raising children with mental retardation. In the course of the study, three types of temporal perspectives were revealed in this category of parents – one harmonious and two deformed ones, and more often deformed types of temporal perspectives were encountered. With a harmonious type of temporal perspective, a balanced combination of orientations towards a positive past, a hedonic present, and a future was observed. The deformed time perspective of type 1 was characterized by a combination of a fatalistic present, a negative past and a low orientation to the future. A deformed time perspective of type 2 combined a negative past, a hedonic present, and a low orientation toward the future. All parents with a harmonious type of time perspective, performing T. Cottle’s graphic test, showed a temporary connection between the past, present and future. For parents with a deformed time perspective of type 1 or 2, in this test, the time zones were either autonomous or interconnected. It is important to note that most of the parents with a harmonious type of time perspective were between the ages of 40 and 45, have a higher education, medium or high material wealth, and high educational potential. Summarizing the results of the study, we can say that the difficult life situation associated with the presence of a child with mental retardation in the family, in most cases leads to temporary disintegration of parents.

Keywords: temporal perspective, temporal orientation, mental retardation, families raising children with mental retardation